Key Questions

• Past and present human impacts on global ecosystems
• Interaction of human impacts with climate change
• Sensitivity and resilience of ecosystem to climatic and anthropogenic stresses
• Sustainable management strategies for the future

Learning from the Past

• Define background or pre-impact conditions
• Determine trajectories and rates of change
• Quantify natural variability
• Determine threshold conditions for change

Applying to the Future

• Develop and test predictive models

Meeting Co-Chairs: Emi Ito (eito@umn.edu) and Dan Engstrom (dre@smm.org)